fox
The fox is associated with the ancient Mesopotamian god Enlil ("lord wind") whose priests observed the animals' behavior in order to predict the future. In shamanic cultures, the fox is a shape-shifter who is connected with magic and the dead. For Native peoples of South America, the fox brings fertility and rain. The fox also plays a relatively positive role in the cultures of the Siberian Eskimo, Quiché Maya, and the Moche of Peru. In other contexts, however, the fox is a more ambiguous figure. The Christian bible likens Herod to a fox and medieval Europe regarded the fox as crafty, wily, and deceptive. The animal was even associated with the devil. In many cultures, the fox is considered a sly, cunning, trickster figure. This profile is readily seen in stories and tales including Greek storyteller Aesop's "The Fox and the Crow" and "The Fox and the Grapes", the European fairy tale "Little Red Riding Hood", the medieval story of Reynard the fox, and Ben Jonson's Renaissance play Volpone or the Fox.
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